Explain the Distinction Between Obedience and Conformity - 1650 Words

Explain the Distinction Between Obedience and Conformity (Essay Sample) Content: EXPLAIN THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN OBEDIENCE AND CONFORMITYBy Name:Name of the Course: PsychologyProfessor (Tutor)The Name of the School (University)The City and State where it is locatedThe DateExplain the Distinction between Obedience and ConformityConformism is the change in feeling, thinking or acting because of imaginary or real pressure exercised by a given group. On the other hand, obedience is the manifestation of behavioral change produced due to the instructions given by people having authority. Social norms are instrumental when discussing the concept of conformity. The paper addresses the distinction between conformity and obedience with the aid of psychological studies such as those of Asch, Sherif, and Milgram.Obedience and conformity shape cognition and behaviors. Carter (2012) defines conformity as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the act involving the aligning of your behavior or thoughts with those of another.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Evolutionary roots of conformity suggest that conf orming to other peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s way of likelihood reduces the chances of exclusion from the society. A proper discussion of conformity needs a profound understanding of social norms. A norm is a threshold for reference when judging what is right and appropriate in the given circumstances that provide the validity criteria. In the same vein, a social norm connotes to the accepted standard of feeling, thinking or acting in a given social group or community (Bocchiaro, P. 2012, 47). The norms affect the manner in which the people look at reality and the axiological functioning.A proper exegesis of conformity is to look at the distinction between normative influence and informative influence that are factors relating to conformity. According to Brehm Kassim (1999), the normative influence discussion rests on the issue of norms. It is trite that norms derive their validity from a grundnorm, basic norm, as espoused by Hans Kelsen in the pure theory of law concept. An individual ascrib ing to normative influence affiliates to the assumed norms to avoid exclusion or embarrassment from the society. The informational influence resolves ambiguous circumstances or situations by using the position taken by others. There is an offer of informational influence to the members of the group. Both normative and informative influences result in psychological effects on the society.Social psychologists also refer normative influences as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"normative social influencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ and informative influences as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"informative social influencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬. According Eysenck (2014), conformism has two forms: acquiescence and internalization. Acquiescence occurs when the individual externally agrees to avoid polemics with the group although the person disagrees. On the other hand, internalization occurs when the individual fully agrees and trusts the responses of the group as being of goodwill. Two classical psychological pieces of research were those of Solomo n Asch experiment and Sherifà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s experiment (Eysenck, M. 2004, 98). The psychological experiments help to show the normative and informative influence on the sampled group. For instance, the Sherifà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s autokinetic effect experiment evinces the informative influence of internalization by the group (Hayes, N. 2000, 56). The deductions from the experiment posited that individuals accept the groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s influence authentically in ambiguous or dangerous situation.In the Ashà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s line experiment, the sampled individuals had to identify which of the three lines was of similar length with the target line. According to Fiske (2010), only one of the lines was similar to the target line whereas the other two lines were indifferent. The answer of each of the five was subject the same in the first round of the experiment. However, in the third round of the experiment, there was a change in the responses. Despite the obvious answer to the experiment being Exhibit A, t he second person chose Exhibit C as the correct answer since the first person in front of him had confidently chosen C as the right answer. The last one was the only one who gave the true response to the test (Bocchiaro, P. 2012, 102). The Ashà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s test posited that the first two participants were accomplices who depicted the desire of being correct over the desire of conformity. The Aschà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s experiment findings favor the normative influence more than informative one.The Asch group experiment is pivotal in the study of psychology. However, the experiment received criticism for the application of tasks that had no real value to the subjects who participated. The proponents of the importance of task were VanDello, Baron, and Brunsman. The critique about Asch experiment rested on the usage of strangers as the subject instead of using social groups. The bottom line argument that the results would be different if the participants perceived that the other individuals belong ed to a certain group. The experiment of Wetherell, Abrams, Hogg, Turner and Cochrane substantiated the Aschà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s criticism by using first-year learners of psychology as the subjects or participants. The phenomena of internalization and acquiescence form a continuum rather than the exclusion of the phenomena (Hayes, N. 2000, 187). The theory covering cognitive dissonance substantiates the change of an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s behavior due to a force of situational circumstances.Group dynamics plays an important role in the concept of conformism. The size of a particular group tends to be a factor relating to conformity. According to Hogg (2003), there is a proposition that when the group increases in number, conformity level tends to augment. The concept of leadership serves as an outstanding example of group dynamics. A group that ascribes to the psychology of leadership or followership tends to show a high level of conformity. Evolutionarily, the acceptance of leadership trai ts depends on the different circumstances. For example, a political leader who is masculine having facial morphologies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ traits of aggression and competitiveness, is more preferred in times of war than peace. An age difference affects the stakes of conformity. For instance, during the adolescence period, there are high tendencies of conformity to the peer pressure. Gender differences form part of conformity (Fiske, S. 2010, 17). Male leaders tend to manage the intergroup competition whereas intragroup competition is for the female leader.Obedience encapsulates how an individual responds to another person perceived to have power or authority. Obedience is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the behavioral change produced by the commands of authority (Brehm, S. 1999, 232). The key studies in point are the Bickman and Milgram studies. Bickman (1974) psychological research entailed the ordering of people to do a particular thing by the lead researchers in the streets. At one point of the research, people wore security guards clothing and ordered the passing people to perform certain acts. The research found out that nine of ten people obeyed the individuals dressed in security guard uniforms. People tend to obey when there is perceived authority as per the Bickmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s research.The Milgramà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s research is the cornerstone experiment describing the phenomenon of obedience. Milgram conducted experiments with a certain set of variations to the reaction of electric shocks ranging from 75 volts to 450 volts (Carter, K. 2012, 300). According to Matsumoto Juang (2012), the finding was that there was 95% of maximization of obedience when the individual participants aided another person in the administration of the electric shocks. Additionally, there was 68.75% obedience when the participants observed full compliance to the experiment by a peer (Milgram, S. 1963, 371). The inducing of the stimuli in the teacher-learner experiment showed an inverse proportion between t he administration of the shocks and the proximity of the studyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s victim. Under the purview of the proximity of victim, Milgram discovered a decrease of about 40% obedience when the Confederate and the participant were in the same place.Personal responsibility is a factor relating to obedience. The Milgramà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s study substantiates the personal responsibility for any harm that might arise. According to Roy Bushman (2010), the experimentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s finding was that obedience drops when there is an assumption of responsibility by a person for any particular harm arising from obedience. Furthermore, the case study infers that the proximity of the victim creates a nexus between the action and the consequence (Packer, J. 2008, 423). The suffering incurred raises the personal responsibility. However, despite application of ferocious acts on a victim whether close or far away did not change the morality of the action.An escalation of harm contributes to obedience. The Milg ramà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s experiment entailed the increase in electric shocks by the teachers on the Confederates. According to Sanderson (2009), the gradual increase of the potential harm through shocks showed that the level of obedience increased as well. From the experiment, it is clear that; only 40 percent of the total participants reached the 450 volts stage (Weiten, W. 2007, 545). It is evident that when the teacher forced the hands of the participants to the electric shock plate, registered a 30% drop of obedience.Authority factors or figures tend to influence the stakes of obedience. In the Milgramà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s studies, there was a low rate of obedience from the individuals who were high in authority. According to Turner (1991), the presence of an authoritative figure or by virtue of a person being in higher authority causes obedience. The 1966 Hoflingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s research refuted the argument of higher obedience only when the authoritative figur... Explain the Distinction Between Obedience and Conformity - 1650 Words Explain the Distinction Between Obedience and Conformity (Essay Sample) Content: EXPLAIN THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN OBEDIENCE AND CONFORMITYBy Name:Name of the Course: PsychologyProfessor (Tutor)The Name of the School (University)The City and State where it is locatedThe DateExplain the Distinction between Obedience and ConformityConformism is the change in feeling, thinking or acting because of imaginary or real pressure exercised by a given group. On the other hand, obedience is the manifestation of behavioral change produced due to the instructions given by people having authority. Social norms are instrumental when discussing the concept of conformity. The paper addresses the distinction between conformity and obedience with the aid of psychological studies such as those of Asch, Sherif, and Milgram.Obedience and conformity shape cognition and behaviors. Carter (2012) defines conformity as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the act involving the aligning of your behavior or thoughts with those of another.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Evolutionary roots of conformity suggest that conf orming to other peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s way of likelihood reduces the chances of exclusion from the society. A proper discussion of conformity needs a profound understanding of social norms. A norm is a threshold for reference when judging what is right and appropriate in the given circumstances that provide the validity criteria. In the same vein, a social norm connotes to the accepted standard of feeling, thinking or acting in a given social group or community (Bocchiaro, P. 2012, 47). The norms affect the manner in which the people look at reality and the axiological functioning.A proper exegesis of conformity is to look at the distinction between normative influence and informative influence that are factors relating to conformity. According to Brehm Kassim (1999), the normative influence discussion rests on the issue of norms. It is trite that norms derive their validity from a grundnorm, basic norm, as espoused by Hans Kelsen in the pure theory of law concept. An individual ascrib ing to normative influence affiliates to the assumed norms to avoid exclusion or embarrassment from the society. The informational influence resolves ambiguous circumstances or situations by using the position taken by others. There is an offer of informational influence to the members of the group. Both normative and informative influences result in psychological effects on the society.Social psychologists also refer normative influences as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"normative social influencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ and informative influences as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"informative social influencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬. According Eysenck (2014), conformism has two forms: acquiescence and internalization. Acquiescence occurs when the individual externally agrees to avoid polemics with the group although the person disagrees. On the other hand, internalization occurs when the individual fully agrees and trusts the responses of the group as being of goodwill. Two classical psychological pieces of research were those of Solomo n Asch experiment and Sherifà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s experiment (Eysenck, M. 2004, 98). The psychological experiments help to show the normative and informative influence on the sampled group. For instance, the Sherifà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s autokinetic effect experiment evinces the informative influence of internalization by the group (Hayes, N. 2000, 56). The deductions from the experiment posited that individuals accept the groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s influence authentically in ambiguous or dangerous situation.In the Ashà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s line experiment, the sampled individuals had to identify which of the three lines was of similar length with the target line. According to Fiske (2010), only one of the lines was similar to the target line whereas the other two lines were indifferent. The answer of each of the five was subject the same in the first round of the experiment. However, in the third round of the experiment, there was a change in the responses. Despite the obvious answer to the experiment being Exhibit A, t he second person chose Exhibit C as the correct answer since the first person in front of him had confidently chosen C as the right answer. The last one was the only one who gave the true response to the test (Bocchiaro, P. 2012, 102). The Ashà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s test posited that the first two participants were accomplices who depicted the desire of being correct over the desire of conformity. The Aschà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s experiment findings favor the normative influence more than informative one.The Asch group experiment is pivotal in the study of psychology. However, the experiment received criticism for the application of tasks that had no real value to the subjects who participated. The proponents of the importance of task were VanDello, Baron, and Brunsman. The critique about Asch experiment rested on the usage of strangers as the subject instead of using social groups. The bottom line argument that the results would be different if the participants perceived that the other individuals belong ed to a certain group. The experiment of Wetherell, Abrams, Hogg, Turner and Cochrane substantiated the Aschà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s criticism by using first-year learners of psychology as the subjects or participants. The phenomena of internalization and acquiescence form a continuum rather than the exclusion of the phenomena (Hayes, N. 2000, 187). The theory covering cognitive dissonance substantiates the change of an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s behavior due to a force of situational circumstances.Group dynamics plays an important role in the concept of conformism. The size of a particular group tends to be a factor relating to conformity. According to Hogg (2003), there is a proposition that when the group increases in number, conformity level tends to augment. The concept of leadership serves as an outstanding example of group dynamics. A group that ascribes to the psychology of leadership or followership tends to show a high level of conformity. Evolutionarily, the acceptance of leadership trai ts depends on the different circumstances. For example, a political leader who is masculine having facial morphologies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ traits of aggression and competitiveness, is more preferred in times of war than peace. An age difference affects the stakes of conformity. For instance, during the adolescence period, there are high tendencies of conformity to the peer pressure. Gender differences form part of conformity (Fiske, S. 2010, 17). Male leaders tend to manage the intergroup competition whereas intragroup competition is for the female leader.Obedience encapsulates how an individual responds to another person perceived to have power or authority. Obedience is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the behavioral change produced by the commands of authority (Brehm, S. 1999, 232). The key studies in point are the Bickman and Milgram studies. Bickman (1974) psychological research entailed the ordering of people to do a particular thing by the lead researchers in the streets. At one point of the research, people wore security guards clothing and ordered the passing people to perform certain acts. The research found out that nine of ten people obeyed the individuals dressed in security guard uniforms. People tend to obey when there is perceived authority as per the Bickmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s research.The Milgramà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s research is the cornerstone experiment describing the phenomenon of obedience. Milgram conducted experiments with a certain set of variations to the reaction of electric shocks ranging from 75 volts to 450 volts (Carter, K. 2012, 300). According to Matsumoto Juang (2012), the finding was that there was 95% of maximization of obedience when the individual participants aided another person in the administration of the electric shocks. Additionally, there was 68.75% obedience when the participants observed full compliance to the experiment by a peer (Milgram, S. 1963, 371). The inducing of the stimuli in the teacher-learner experiment showed an inverse proportion between t he administration of the shocks and the proximity of the studyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s victim. Under the purview of the proximity of victim, Milgram discovered a decrease of about 40% obedience when the Confederate and the participant were in the same place.Personal responsibility is a factor relating to obedience. The Milgramà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s study substantiates the personal responsibility for any harm that might arise. According to Roy Bushman (2010), the experimentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s finding was that obedience drops when there is an assumption of responsibility by a person for any particular harm arising from obedience. Furthermore, the case study infers that the proximity of the victim creates a nexus between the action and the consequence (Packer, J. 2008, 423). The suffering incurred raises the personal responsibility. However, despite application of ferocious acts on a victim whether close or far away did not change the morality of the action.An escalation of harm contributes to obedience. The Milg ramà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s experiment entailed the increase in electric shocks by the teachers on the Confederates. According to Sanderson (2009), the gradual increase of the potential harm through shocks showed that the level of obedience increased as well. From the experiment, it is clear that; only 40 percent of the total participants reached the 450 volts stage (Weiten, W. 2007, 545). It is evident that when the teacher forced the hands of the participants to the electric shock plate, registered a 30% drop of obedience.Authority factors or figures tend to influence the stakes of obedience. In the Milgramà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s studies, there was a low rate of obedience from the individuals who were high in authority. According to Turner (1991), the presence of an authoritative figure or by virtue of a person being in higher authority causes obedience. The 1966 Hoflingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s research refuted the argument of higher obedience only when the authoritative figur...

Spread of Buddhism in China - 834 Words

Buddhism arrived in China by the first century C.E. by way of the Silk Road. Initially, the spread of Buddhism was met with positivity, but as the centuries passed, the Chinese began to view it in a negative light. Additionally, during a period of disunity and political instability, the Chinese peasants welcomed Buddhism, but as Buddhism became more popular, Chinese aristocracy and government saw it as a threat to their power and moved to discredit its movement. Documents 1, 2, and 5 positively supported the spread of Buddhism, and Documents 4 and 6 negatively viewed the spread of Buddhism. The change in attitude corresponding to the spread of Buddhism is presented with Documents 1, 2, and 3, which initially support Buddhism, and Documents 4, 5, and 6, which shows the changing opinions on Buddhism. It would be beneficial to see additional documents written by a peasant in order to show the contrast between elite responses and their motives for choosing a foreign religion over the tra ditional Confucianism. Another helpful document would be a response from a woman because it would be useful to know the reasons a woman in Chinese society would choose Buddhism and their perspective as opposed to the point of view of men. Documents 1, 2, and 5 positively support the spread of Buddhism in China. Document 1 is written by the Buddha himself, and lays down the basic principles followed by all Buddhists. It shows that by eliminating cravings, sorrow would stop. Nevertheless, it isShow MoreRelatedThe Spread Of Buddhism And China1761 Words   |  8 PagesBy 100 C.E., Buddhism founded in India in the 6th century B.C.E was brought to China, gradually winning converts following the collapse of the Han dynasty in 220 C.E., but responses to the spread of Buddhism in China differed. 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The State Of Nature And The Development Of Society

Hobbes and Rousseau: The State of Nature and The Development of Society Humans are taught to act and behave in a certain way. They are told what is wrong and what is right based off of the society they live in. They are given social norms and expectations depending on their race, socioeconomic class and gender. Our calculated behaviors are controlled by the perceptions and consequences from the outside world: society. But what if humans were born and lived within a nonsocial world, how would we behave and what would be our main concerns? In a world of no structure or class system, how would we treat one another? This is the question of the state of nature. The question of whether humans are innately violent, indifferent and/or loving beings have been discussed and debated by many philosophers and political theorist. Two philosophers who talk largely about the state of nature are Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. There are key similarities between the theories of both philosoph ers, as well as significant differences that alter the conclusions that both theories propose about the state of nature and ultimately the development of society. Rousseau s theory includes that a natural state is changed to a civil one when there is an understanding of sufficient resources for all and the innate quality of pity. While Hobbes theory states humans natural state is a violent and threatening one. 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Discussion on Impact Strength free essay sample

This evidently proves the addition of polybutadiene increases the impact strength of HIPS. During polymerisation, the addition of polybutadiene prevents the polymer chains from aligning. This means that there will a reduction of crystalline structures that can be formed. This results in a larger amorphous area, giving it the properties of an amorphous polymer. Since it is more amorphous having the characteristic of irregular spacing between its molecules, it makes HIPS tough and therefore able to within sudden impact making it the highest impact strength. GPPS on the other hand though it is amorphous in nature, it does not has the addition of polybutadiene and thus it will lose out to HIPS in impact strength test. Furthermore, as it is amorphous, there is no regular spacing between the molecules thus it is brittle making it unable to withstand the stress applied on it therefore it has the lowest impact strength of 3036. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion on Impact Strength or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 61J/m? HDPE has the second highest impact strength of 5602. 689J/m? due to its crystalline structure. As it has a crystalline structure, the molecules will be packed together closely due to the stronger intermolecular forces of attraction and this gives HDPE the characteristic of stiffness making able to withstand impact well. Thus it has a moderately high impact strength. According to the results, PP has an impact strength of 3155. 398 J/m2. It has a slightly higher impact strength than GPPS. PP is semi crystalline which means it is arranged in a regular pattern. Hence, when a sudden impact was given to PP, its resistance to the sudden impact was low compared to HIPS, which has a higher impact strength. . 2 The Izod Impact Test is a method to determine the impact strength of materials. The width and thickness of the specimens is attained by measuring using a vernier caliper. The specimen is clamped vertically with the notch facing the pendulum. When the pendulum swings downwards impacting the specimen at the bottom of its swing, the machine will be able to determine the fracture str ength of the specimen. Hence, by comparing the results of the different specimens, we will be able to rank the materials by their impact strength.

The Harlem Renaissance is a convenient metaphor Essay Thesis Example For Students

The Harlem Renaissance is a convenient metaphor Essay Thesis The Harlem Renaissance is a convenient metaphor for the artistic and intellectual explosion that took place during the asses and asses. Discuss. By Tanya Monkish-Benefit Kerr The Harlem Renaissance remains one of the most momentous creative movements in American history, exceeding its original importance to one specific interest group and hence cannot be looked upon simply as a convenient metaphor. This essay will show that in addition to the eruption of creativity, the Harlem Renaissance should be acknowledged for its significant contribution to changing the self-perception of the We will write a custom essay on The Harlem Renaissance is a convenient metaphor Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Negro in America in such a positive and significant way that eventually transformed the Harlem Renaissance into the Civil Rights Movement of the sasss and changed the identity of America forever. The renaissance served to create a perception of distinctiveness among African Americans, at the same time, compelling white America to acknowledge the significance of an ethnic group far too long seen as inferior. The Harlem Renaissance may be defined as an eruption of creativity overflowing from the gifted minds of African-Americans between the asses and asses; though in truth, it was the center of focus for the articulation and litigation of a marginalia populace as much as it was an artistic movement. Even though mostly considered an African-American literary movement, the Harlem Renaissance stretched far beyond books and poetry to embrace art, dance, and music. The creative minds of blacks behind the Harlem Renaissance used creative expression to make an important impact on all aspects of society, while at the same time providing African-Americans with their first sense of distinctiveness not defined by slavery. Embracing creative arts, individuals sought to re-conceptualize the Negro apart from the white stereotypes that had influenced black peoples allegations to their culture and to one another. They also sought to break free of Victorian ethical values and conformist shame about aspects of their lives that might strengthen racist opinions by whites. Never controlled by a specific school of thought but rather characterized by powerful debates, this movement laid the foundation for all later African American literature and had a huge influence on succeeding black literature and consciousness internationally. While the Harlem Renaissance was certainly not restricted to New York City, Harlem enticed a significant concentration of intellect and talent; therefore, it served as the symbolic capital of cultural development. During the 20th century, approximately six million African-Americans escaped the remunerative hardships and harsh segregationist laws of the South and migrated northward to metropolises in an effort to obtain Jobs and economic stability as well as searching for a more racially open-minded society. Winter estimated that 175,000 of these African-Americans settled in New York City. To attach an unambiguous commencement to the Harlem Renaissance by singling out one precise text can only serve to spark debates since black authors had been published since effortlessly definable as a defining moment was the range of issues that black writers covered as its onset. The true origin of this Renaissance is not in any single work that sparked a revolution, but in the various and multiple congregations of mutual interests by those yearning to showcase the remarkable surge of creativeness via the publication of literary magazines and books. Crucial to the movement were magazines such as the Crisis, published by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); Opportunity, published by the National Urban League; and The Messenger, a socialist Journal eventually connected with the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a black labor union. These groups attracted many Negro intellectuals who were particularly upset with the rise in violence against blacks in the United States; therefore, theses organization became the driving force for changing the status quo of the Negro. This mutual need to help one another was a primeval component in changing the movement from a purely literary standpoint into one that incorporated all fine arts; it also played an important role in turning the Harlem Renaissance into a search for a new identity for an ethnic group previously defined by centuries of oppression. Although the artists created vivacious and lasting works of literature, art and music, the Harlem Renaissance quickly became Just as important for the way in which it gave African-Americans a real culture and a pride in acknowledging and embracing that culture. .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea , .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea .postImageUrl , .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea , .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea:hover , .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea:visited , .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea:active { border:0!important; } .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea:active , .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u33313720b771196ddf6eaa408ca9c1ea:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: High and Late Renaissance Period EssayPrior to this era, the representations of African-Americans in American literature were that of the illiterate and inferior peasant who made his or her living in the dirt of the cotton fields. The intellects contributed to the importance of the Harlem Renaissance by understanding and contributing to its purpose in creating positive role models for the Negro everywhere. One of the most important traits of the Harlem Renaissance is that teamwork was considered a better way to help individual works rather than to compete. An intuitive sense that any single artistic effort was going to define all others created an effort by everyone involved to create a cultural tapestry that served not Just other artists, but audiences as well. In reality, this cultural movement essentially created the idea of the black intellectual for both Americans and Europeans. Furthermore, the creation of the New Negro in Harlem represented the liberation of the last relics of chattel slavery, those of low esteem and even uncertainty and self-revulsion. Appraisers, however, query whether the Renaissance actually accomplished its goals of creating a new identity for the Negro separated from the history of slavery. One of the denunciations is that by trying to create a distinct culture detached from the past cruelties and even the influence of Anglo- European customs it succeeded only in alienation. A more powerful denunciation is that the Harlem Renaissance duplicated only the specific identity of the middle class, intelligent elites of an ethnic group trying to sway its background and views on a population still dominated by lower-class and illiterate people. Yet, another criticism is that the very goal of forging an identity for an entire ethnic group and socially enlightening them was utterly impractical because the vast numbers of African Americans were mostly oblivious of it or knew it only as history. The foundation of all criticisms of the Harlem Renaissance is that it encloses an inevitable element of two- fixedness in that it tried to produce a distinct identity that was centered primarily on white society and educational system. In fact, the central theme that can be concluded from all of the criticism is that it tried to accomplish little more than a lack representation of the white middle class establishment. What is not up for argument is the actual value of the artistic contributions of the era. James Weldon Johnson is an iconic figure in the initiation of the Harlem Renaissance both as writer and editor. He had written the contentious Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man and had also edited the book of American Negro Poetry. This collection showcased quite a few of the Renaissances most artistic poets, including Longboats Hughes, a man who became legendary in the literary world, Hughes possessed a passion for music and mentioned as a medium by showcasing the importance of traditional black folk music. Zorn Neal Hurst published a literary magazine that collapsed almost immediately because of funding issues, but was influential nevertheless. Hurst later achieved immortality with her book Their Eyes were Watching God. Literature was not the only art that defined the Harlem Renaissance. In fact, the music of the era may have been more significant in defining the uniqueness of the common Negro than the literary accomplishments. The music became a channel of communication, while providing inspiration to the literary achievements of writers and dramatists. Jazz surged into the arena of respectability and became symbolic as the essence of the urban way of life. The first Jazz performers were Bessie Smith, Duke Elongating, Charlie Parker and Billie Holiday. Added to this, Longboats Hughes specifically set out to bridge the gap between music and literature by adding the rhythms of Jazz into his poetry while Claude McKay used the ambiance of Jazz in his novel, Home to Harlem. Harlem Renaissance, therefore, epitomizes an attempt to combine artistic channels to construct an identity of artistic expression which is often views as the apex of human creation. It is from this view point that the Renaissance can be propelled to being much more than a metaphor which speaks to comparison, but rather this makes the Renaissance an exemplary worthy of imitation. The visual arts were also a vital component in stimulating the notion of a universality of individuality among blacks during the Harlem Renaissance. Aaron Douglas was head of the Department of Art at Fist University, where he exercised substantial influence over up and coming artists. He truly embraced the status of being the most important visual artist during the glory days of Harlem Renaissance, focusing on large murals hat brought to the fore the accomplishments of African-Americans all through history. .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983 , .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983 .postImageUrl , .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983 , .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983:hover , .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983:visited , .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983:active { border:0!important; } .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983:active , .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983 .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5da0abd6e25030c45332df024a760983:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Famous People in During the Harlem RenaissanceDouglas showed one of the undercurrents that drove the Harlem Renaissance, which was calling attention to value and contributions of blacks to the advancement of America. Implicit in that goal was the even greater goal of spurring future generations to even greater accomplishments and pride in their culture. Surely, the most long-lasting effect of the Harlem Renaissance may have been the one which entrenched upon the education of African Americans. The innovative endeavor of Negroes proved that stereotype of black inferiority was null and void. The enlightening legacy of the Harlem Renaissance was not simply one in which more blacks saw the significance of education but it was one which saw an intensification in the importance and availability of high education. After the renaissance, more African Americans than ever, enrolled in colleges and universities. However, it was education that African Americans obtained. Since the socio-political actualities of racism divided America either indirectly or openly in nearly every work of literature produced during this period, the Harlem Renaissance is acknowledged for generating militancy borne by that pursuit of knowledge. Anytime a people, who is exposed to an education system at a level they have been deprived of, it is only expected that certain quarters to identify the radical aspects of the denial of that education. Hence, there was a beginning of consciousness among African Americans across America that agreements made had not been kept from Reconstruction through World War I. The Renaissance essentially had the effect of deepening the sense of unfair discrimination by displaying how it could be achieved through much more indirect methods than chattel slavery or the Jim Crow Laws. A significant amount of the intellects of the movement urged that discrimination of this type be challenged and overcome. It could only be through education that the real issues African Americans met in a racially divided world could be dealt with, and as such the literature and art of this period forced black audiences to become to embrace education so that they could understand what they were reading or looking at. During the period of the Harlem Renaissance, African-Americans for the first time had an honest reason to experience pride and rejoice in their identity. Out of Harlem came works of literary, classical and fine arts that spoke of the contribution of their race and forced white supremacist groups to accept their contributions. In that moment in time, the entire world looked at Harlem as the future of artistic expression. The artistic works were grasped by scholars as a means of showcasing the idea that African-Americans no longer needed to classify themselves with a history of suppression and subsidiaries. The Harlem Renaissance produced novelists, poets, artists and musicians who are today considered some of the finest that America ever produced, regardless of the lour of ones skin. That, in fact, may be the ultimate achievement of the Harlem Renaissance. After the tremendous flood of artistic accomplishments that crossed every medium available, these Negro men and women and the works they created could no longer be treated with the grudging respect of great African-American art. Today the finest books, poems, music and artwork are universally recognized as simply great American art. Thus, in addition to the burst of creativity in the artistic and intellectual explosion, the Harlem Renaissance should be recognized for its nutrition to changing the self-image of the Negro; a rise in self-esteem that would eventually transform into the Civil Rights Movement of the asses and changed the identity of America forever. Indeed it was not a convenient metaphor but a celebration of African American heritage and cultural expression that continues to have positive effects on the social, intellectual and economic stature of African Americans and the Diaspora. 1. Bio True Story, Aaron Douglas Biography. 2. Houston Koala, Harlem. 3. Huggins Nathan, Harlem Renaissance (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971) . Kramer Victor and Robert Russ, Harlem Renaissance Re-Examined (New York: Whitish Publishing Company, 1997) 5.

Por vs. Para in Spanish

'Por' vs. 'Para' in Spanish Two Spanish prepositions, por and para, are usually used for the English word for. The differences between them sometimes are subtle, and thus por and para are a constant source of confusion for Spanish students. Key Takeaways: Por and Para Although both Spanish prepositions por and para can often be translated as for, they have separate meanings and can seldom be used as synonyms.Por is often used to indicate who performs an action or the reason for it being performed.Para is often used to indicate the result of an action being performed. Think of Meaning Rather than Translation If its any consolation, prepositions can be as difficult for people learning English. Why do we sometimes say something is under control, and sometimes say something is in control? Why are we in the house but at home? The rules sometimes escape logic. The key to understanding which preposition to use is to think of the meaning you want to convey. If I use a phrase such as three for a dollar in English, the for has a different meaning than it does in this book is for you. In the first case, for indicates an exchange or a rate, while in the second case it indicates an intention or direction. Thus the Spanish translation of the two phrases are different, tres por un dà ³lar and este libro es para ti. The following chart shows some of the major uses of these two prepositions, including ones not translated by for. Uses for Por Por is often used to indicate how something is done or ihe cause of an action. Although the distinction between cause and outcome isnt always clear, por generally isnt used to indicate the result of an action. Expressing movement along, through, around, by, or about: Anduve por las calles de Gijà ³n. (I walked through the streets of Gijà ³n.) Viajamos por Australia con un Land Rover. (We traveled around Australia with a Land Rover.)Denoting a time or duration when something occurs. Viajamos por tres semanas. (Were traveling for three weeks.) Debes pensar en otras personas por sà ³lo un momento. (You ought to think about other people for just a moment.)Expressing the cause (not the purpose) of an action: Me caà ­ por la nieve. (I fell down because of the snow.) Los conflictos originaron por las diferencias culturales e ideolà ³gicas. (The conflicts began because of the cultural and ideological differences.)  Hay diferencia entre comer por hambre y comer por placer. (There is a difference between eating out of hunger and eating for pleasure.)Meaning per: Dos por ciento. (Two percent.) Prefiero comer cuatro comidas por dà ­a. (I prefer eating four meals per day.) Por can also be trans lated as a when a is a preposition: Leo un libro por semana. (I read one book a week.) Meaning supporting or in favor of: Trabajamos por derechos humanos. (We work for human rights.) No puedo votar por el presidente. (I cant vote for the president.)Introducing the agent of an action after a passive verb:. For this reason, por is often used in stating the author of a book or other composition:  Fue escrito por Bob Woodward. (It was written by Bob Woodward.) Ser comido por las aves. (It will be eaten by the birds.)Indicating means of transportation: Viajarà © por avià ³n. (I will travel by plane.)  Quiero llegar a Venezuela por barco. (I want to arrive at Venezuela by ship.)Used in numerous expressions: Por ejemplo. (For example.) Por favor. (Please, literally as a favor.) Uses for Para Para is often used to indicate the outcome of an action or to indicate who or what is affected by an action. Meaning for the purpose of or in order to: Para bailar la bamba, necesita una poca de gracia. (In order to dance the bamba you need a little grace.) Los buses se usan para ir a la frontera. (The buses are used for going to the border.)With a noun or pronoun as object, meaning for the benefit of or directed to: Es para usted. Its for you. Necesitamos mucho dinero para el desarrollo del paà ­s. (We need a lot of money for the countrys development.)Meaning to or in the direction of when referring to a place: Voy para Europa. (Im heading to Europe.) Salimos para el almuerzo. (We are leaving for lunch.)Meaning by or for when referring to a specific time: Necesito el regalo para maà ±ana. (I need the gift for tomorrow.) Vamos a la casa de mi madre para el fin de semana. (Were going to my mothers for the weekend.)

A report for Real Coffee LTD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

A report for Real Coffee LTD - Essay Example Under such circumstances entrepreneurs face non-negligible challenges in controlling and executing the business functions in a smooth fashion, given the obstacles in the form of staff management, delegation of power and business opportunities identification as well as their subsequent achievements (Welter, 2010). Correspondingly, it has been viewed that Real Coffee Ltd., which is a small chain of coffee shops has been facing challenges to maintain a desired level of employee retention rate. The main objective of this paper is therefore, to provide a detailed analysis of the external and internal analysis of the business. Based on the analysis, the discussion further intends to provide rational suggestions that would help in understanding on how curtained changes in the business can help Real Coffee Ltd. to meet its organizational goal. Part 1: External Analysis Consumer Buying Behaviour UK is observed to be amongst the top ten countries that dealt in coffee around the globe as of 201 1. It is worth mentioning that coffee is also measured to be the third-favourite non-alcoholic drink in the country. Over the year, it has been viewed that in the UK, the chain of coffee shops had grown 5.6% and contributed almost 29.1% market share by 2005. However, it has been viewed that independent and local coffee shops only grew by 2% and faced considerable amount of challenges over the year. Economic disturbance in the UK is also assumed to have affected the customer’s behaviours of drinking coffee. For instance, it was viewed that the coffee market grew by 17% from 2005 to 2009, again out of which, 57% of the total consumers 47% of the customers preferred sitting in coffee shops and 8.3 preferred take away services (Business Case Studies LLP, 2013). Moreover, it has also been viewed that today’s teenagers and young adults frequently visit cafes, which replicates it to be a growing trend. A thorough understanding of the consumer buying behaviour also revealed th at about 37% of the coffee consumers prefer black coffee in the UK, while the remaining 63% like to add sweetener with it. 57% of the total consumers further stated to prefer having it at breakfast (Liang & Wu, n.d.). Increasing Competitors Globalization and the rapid technological aspect is not only considered to be a boon for every individual and business house, which aims at establishing themselves at the global market, but is also stated to be a course for small business houses with limited resources. Coffee market in the UK is considered to be one of the largest industries. With the increasing adaption of coffee by the people worldwide, whereby many multinational organizations are being established in the nation creating greater competiveness for smaller coffee shops, it has been viewed that although, small shops provide better quality products at lesser price, people prefer going to branded stores like Costa and Starbuck as a symbolisation of economic status in the society (Ho spitality & Catering News, 2013). According to a survey conducted by Euromonitior international (2012), it was viewed th